Chronology

1895

Born in Yangzhou, China, on 14 June as Zhang Shixiu, with yulin as her zi, or courtesy name.[1]After her marriage to Pan Zanhua, she changed her surname to Pan so that when she enrolled in the Shanghai Arts Academy, her name was Pan Shixiu.[2]It was not until she traveled to France that she started using the name Pan Yu Lin.[3]

1903

Pan’s mother passed away when she was eight and as her father had already passed away when she was one, her uncle became her guardian.[4]

1904

It has been said that Pan was sold into a brothel by her uncle. According to Su Xuelin, this led to controversy among students traveling to France to attend the Institut Franco-Chinois.[5]Pan’s friend Lin Ai believed she was sold as a servant, not a prostitute.[6]

1912–13

Married Pan Zanhua and change her surname to Pan.[7]Zanhua, ten years her senior, had a wife in his hometown.[8]He studied in Japan in his early years and attended Xingzhong Hui (Revive China Society) and Tungmeng Hui (Revolutionary Alliance) organized by Sun Yat-sen. It is known that they got married in Wuhu, Anhui,[9]and Zanhua served as the supervisor in the customs office in Wuhu from 1912–1913.[10]It is therefore reasonable to assume they married during this period.

After their marriage, Zanhua left Wuhu in 1913[11]and became even more politically involved and travelled extensively throughout China.[12]In 1916, Yu Lin and Zanhua lived in Beijing, where she received school education[13]and a year later, the couple left Beijing for Shanghai.[14]

Started to learn painting and met Hong Ye,[16]her most important teacher during the formative years, who taught at the Shanghai Pictorial Art Academy.[15]

1920

With the support of Zanhua and Hong Ye, Pan gained entry to Western Painting Department, the Shanghai Arts Academy.[17]When enrolled, she used Pan Shixiu as her name. Her class was the first co-ed class not only of the Shanghai Arts Academy, but of any higher education in art in China, as well.[18]

While at the Shanghai Arts Academy, Pan was active in school activities, including giving speeches, participating in Peking opera performances[19]and traveling with classmates to Hangzhou for practice in outdoor sketching, the first of its kind involving both male and female students[21]and were led by teachers Liu Haisu, Wang Jiyuan and Wang Yachen.[20]

Pan arranged for Zanhua’s first wife, Fang Shanyu, to move to Shanghai to live together with them. Fang gave birth to their son Pan Mou the following year.[22]

1921

In March, members of the Heavenly Horse Society held a farewell dinner for Jiang Xiaojian and Chen Xiaojiang who were departing for studies in Europe. Pan attended this event and gave a congratulatory speech.[23]

In July, Pan withdrew from the Shanghai Arts Academy.[24]The Pan biographer, Dong Song, surmises that shortly after Pan enrolled, it was discovered that she had worked at a brothel. To appease the students who were exerting pressure for the school to expel her, school authorities requested that she withdraw. She complied.[25]

In the same month, Pan was accepted by the Institut Franco-Chinois in Lyon, France.[26]The Institut Franco-Chinois, also known as the Lyon Sino-Franco College, was founded by Wu Zhihui, Li Shizeng and Cai Yuanpei. The main purpose of this college was “to provide French language classes for Chinese students coming to France to study”. Once students mastered basic French, they could go on to other professional schools. The school, founded in 1921, was terminated in 1947 due to insufficient funds.[27]

1921

continued

On 13 August, Wu Zhihui, principal of the Institut Franco-Chinois, and over 100 students, including Pan, embarked the Porthos liner from Shanghai to Marseille, arriving on 23 September. They arrived at Lyon by train the next day.[28]When Pan enrolled at the Institut, the name she used was Pan Yu Lin and she marked that she was single.[29]

During the first semester at the Institut, Pan met Su Xuelin and Fang Junbi.[30]According to Su, Pan took French language class in China for about one year, and was quite fluent when she enrolled at the Institut. While studying at the Institut, Pan did not have much interaction with fellow students in Lyon. When she returned to China, Su attended her first solo exhibition. Aside from this, the two lost contact for a while and it was not until the end of 1950 when Su went to France from Hong Kong that she saw Pan again. At this time, the two forged a stronger friendship.[31]

Took drawing and painting classes at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Lyon.[32]

1922

Travelled to Paris to study art at the studio of Lucien Simon,[33]who was an associate of Salon de la société nationale des beaux-arts in France since 1890s and started teaching at École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris since 1923, playing a vital role in the academic studies of art.[34]

On 17 October, the Institut Franco-Chinois sent her an official disenrollment notification because she went to another institution to take classes that were available at the Institut, thereby violating their regulation. As a result of negotiations which lasted over six months, however, Pan retained her status at the Institut.[35]

1924

In June, Pan received a letter of acceptance to the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris,[36]where she studied for the next two years. She was classmates with Fang Junbi and Qiu Daiming.

Became acquainted with various people of the Chinese art and cultural circles, such as Guo 0Youshou, Zhang Daofan and Sanyu.

1925

At the start of the year, Pan informed the Institut of her intention to go to Rome to study sculpture and painting and wished to retain her status at the Institut during this time, which was granted her.[37]In Italy, she received a scholarship of 5,000 lira from the Italian government.[38]

1926

In June, Pan asked Qiu Daiming and Lin Baoquan, her classmates at the Institut Franco-Chinois, to ship a few hundred of her works back home to China. A fire broke out in the cargo hold, destroying all her paintings.[39]

Participated in The International Art Exposition in Rome, and won a gold medal.[40]

1928

Returned to Shanghai with a certificate from the Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma and reunited with Zanhua. At that time Zanhua was the second chief of Farming Division, Ministry of Farming and Mining at the Nanjing National Government.[41]According to Su Xuelin, the couple owned a house in Shanghai.[42]

Pan was appointed dean of Western Painting Department at the Shanghai Arts Academy for one semester.[43]Pan had several positions at the academy in following years: 1932 as Western paintings advisor of the graduate school;[44]1934 as lecturer of summer training seminar for art teachers of primary and secondary schools;[45]1935 as instructor of the graduate level in Western painting;[46]1936 as graduate school professor and dean of painting;[47]from 1935 to 1936 as a member of the graduation exam committee.[48]

1928

continued

Held her first solo exhibition at the Ningbo Townsmen Association in Shanghai from 28 November to 2 December, exhibiting 80 works that were mostly done during her years in Rome.[49]The Ningbo Townsmen Association, or Ningbo Townsmen in Shanghai Association, was one of the most important business organizations of modern Shanghai. The Association’s headquarters in central Shanghai[50]was inaugurated in 1921 and was a popular venue for art exhibitions.

1929

In February, Pan was appointed dean of Western Painting Department, Shanghai Art College and taught for one semester.[51]

Joined Yiyuan Painting Research Center founded by Jiang Xiaojian, Wang Jiyuan and other artists.[52]

Pastels Geba, Narcissism and Reclining Man, as well as oil paintings Drunkard and Black Woman were exhibited at the first National Art Exhibition of the Republic of China organized by Ministry of Education, R.O.C in April, making a total of five pieces.[53]

In June, the organizing committee of the West Lake Expo requested works from members of the Yiyuan Art Academy. Contributing artists included Pan Yu Lin, Wang Jiyuan, Chen Chengbo, Tang Yunyu and Zhang Xian, with 32 works in total.[54]

1929

continued

In October, travelled to Japan to study art education with the director of the Shanghai Jingye School’s Art Department, Jin Qijing, and fellow artist Wang Jiyuan. While in Japan, Pan held a solo exhibition at Shiseido in Ginza.[55]

Started teaching at the Art Department, College of Education of Central University in Nanjing.[56]From March 1929 to July 1930 and from December 1932 to July 1935, Pan served as lecturer;[57]from August 1931 to 1932 as adjunct associate professor.[58]Her students include Fei Cheng-Wu, Chang Chien-Ying etc. During this period, Pan actively participated in art exhibitions. In addition, she frequently took students out for outdoor sketching and touring, most notable of which was one trip in 1931 with Xu Beihong to Shandong, Tianjin and Beijing to visit Temple and Cemetery of Confucius, to climb up Taishan, as well as a visit to Forbidden City and the Great Wall. During this trip, they visited Kong Decheng, a 77th generation descendant of Confucius in the main lineage and Qi Baishi, the renowned artist.[59]

1930

Became professor of Sculpture Department, Xinhua Art College.[60]This was the first time for Pan to teach sculpture since her return to China.

1932

Pan’s painting My Family was shown at an art exhibition at the Science and Art Society of China in Shanghai from 1 to 7 August.[61]The Science and Art Society of China and its predecessor Bingchen Society were among the most important academic organizations of the early 20th century. Established in 1916 in Tokyo, Bingchen Society consisted primarily of students who studied in Japan. In 1923, Bingchen Society changed its name to the Science and Art Society of China, set its headquarters in Shanghai and became an important center for art activities in Shanghai.[62]

Moshe (摩社) held its inaugural meeting at the Science and Art Society of China in the same month and Pan was one of the founding members, along with Liu Haisu, Wang Jiyuan, Guan Liang, Fu Lei, Zhou Shoujuan and Pang Hiun Kin (Pang Xunqin).[63]

1933

Founded the Chinese Art Society in Nanjing with Zhang Daofan, Wang Qi, Li Yishi and other artists, with Zhang Daofan acting as Secretary-General.[64]Elected the next year as a member of the Society’s 2nd executive committee and also helped manage its public relations.[65]From 1934 to 1936, Pan participated in exhibitions of the Society five times.[66]

1934

Underwent an operation for a nasal condition that would plague her for the rest of her life.[67]

In April, the first volume of A Collection of Paintings by Pan Yu Lin, comprising 23 works, was published by the Shanghai Chung Hwa Book Company.[68]

In June, the first exhibition of Yifeng was held at Science and Art Society of China, Shanghai. Artists from National Central University, such as Xu Beihong, Pan Yu Lin, Gu Liaoran, Chen Zhifo and Li Yishi, as well as their counterparts from National Hangzhou Arts Academy, such as Lin Fengmian, Cai Weilian and Wu Dayu, participated in the exhibition and over 900 works were exhibited, making it the largest non-governmental art exhibition ever.[69]

In November, inaugurated China-Italy Cultural Association in Nanjing with Teng Gu, Xu Beihong, Jiang Biwei, Xie Shoukang, Jiang Fucong, Guo Youshou and Lv Sibai, etc. With the support of the Italian ambassador to China, the association was officially set up the following year to promote cultural exchanges between the two nations.[70]

1935

After Pan resigned from the National Central University, she travelled across southern China.

In October, the Ministry of Education made a selection of Pan’s works and sent it to the International Art Exhibition in Australia.[71]

1936

In February, Liu Haisu and others organized a banquet at the International Hotel in Shanghai to celebrate the 70th birthday of Cai Yuanpei, director of the Academia Sinica. Pan was among the approximately 120 guests.[72]

In March, launched Zhonghua Art Association in Shanghai with Liu Haisu, Ni Yide, Wang Jiyuan and others. Pan was elected Director of the first board.[73]

From 19 to 21 June, participated in the first Moshe (默社) Painting exhibition held at the Shanghai Youth Club.[74]Moshe was an art association founded by Xu Beihong, Wang Yachen, Chen Baoyi and others which attracted a number of renowned artists.[75]

1937

In April, founded the National Art Society together with Lin Fengmian, Liu Haisu, Chu Minyi and Zhang Daofan, etc.[76]

From 10 to 13 June, the China Arts Association and the China Arts and Literature Society jointly organized An Exhibition of Paintings by Pan Yu Lin at the Overseas Chinese Club in Nanjing. This was Pan’s fourth and last solo exhibition in China during her lifetime. 170 works were shown and the exhibition was well attended. Chen Duxiu, still serving a prison sentence at the time, gave Pan’s ink painting Human Sketch a high mark. Zhang Daofan, Chang Renxia and others wrote favorable critiques in the Central Daily.[77]

On 26 July, Pan left Nanjing for Shanghai to embark on a boat to Siberia and to travel by way of the Soviet Union and Germany to France.

1937

continued

Prior to the opening of her solo exhibition at the Overseas Chinese Club, Pan revealed she intended to travel to France. She felt she had accomplished little since returning to China ten years ago, and she therefore wished to travel to France, Italy, Greece and Holland to stimulate her creative energies. Pan had intended to stay in Europe for only two years.[78]The eruption of the World War II disrupted her plans of returning home. Until her death, she never returned to China.

In the fall, Pan set up residence in Paris. Her contact address was 13 rue de la Grande Chaumière.

1938

In January, to assist women and children victimized by the Sino-Japanese War, the French Women’s Association held a lottery with Chinese art works as prizes. Pan and members of the Association des artistes chinois en France (AACF) helped with collecting art works and organizing the event. They also made donations at the New Year banquet in support of the war back home.[79]AACF was a group of Chinese artists living in France, who met regularly for social events and field trips. Its members included, in addition to Pan, Chang Shuhong, Hua Tianyou, Wu Guanzhong, Zhao Wuji, to name a few. Settled in Paris, Pan often took part in the activities of the organization.

From Jun 4 to Jul 3, five works were exhibited at Salon des Tuileries. This was her first salon exhibition since returning to Europe.[80]

1939

Pan took refuge in the French countryside at the outbreak of World War II. Her exact date of return to Paris is unclear.[81]

1941

In a letter dated 19 March to Zanhua, Yu Lin expressed concern over Pan Mou’s marriage. Due to the war, Zanhua didn’t receive the letter until 5 December, in which he replied, “You work hard. Your future is bright, and it is real and promising, not empty. How fortunate I am to help you in your success.”[82]Upon her return to Europe, Yu Lin and the Pan family communicated frequently. She and Zanhua kept their intimate relationship their entire lives.

In May, before the end of Salon de printemps, Leisure, an oil painting by Pan, was deliberately slashed. It is suspected a German soldier, whose troop occupied Paris at the time, wanted revenge for not being able to obtain the work at a lower price.[83]

1942

One of Pan's ink drawings were bought by the Centre national des arts plastiques.[84]This is the first time the French government acquired a work by Pan. Four years later, the Centre acquired another ink drawing[85]and in 1958 commissioned Pan to make a bronze bust of the renowned educator Maria Montessori.[86]

According to the biographer Dong Song, Pan went to the Soviet Union this year and was welcomed for the local press.[87]

1944

Salon exhibitions indicated that she moved to 3 rue Vercingétorix in the 14th.[88]

Formally became a member of the Association des artistes Chinois en France (AACF).[89]Chou Lin (Zhou Lin), scholar and Pan’s dealer, joined AACF at the same time.[90]

A Christmas Eve party was organized by the AACF and was held at the residence of Li Fengbai. Pan and others performed Peking Opera at the event.[91]

1945

In March, elected as chairperson of the Association des artistes Chinois en France.[92]In November, due to unspecified health reasons, Pan left Paris for three months for the countryside and requested a six-month leave of absence from the AACF;[93]however by Christmas of the same year, she attended the AACF Christmas party held at Li Fengbai’s home.[94]

1946

L’Exposition des Œuvres des Membres de l’Association des Artistes Chinois en France was held in Paris in October. Pan participated the exhibition with 35 oil paintings and drawings. Chou Lin, Hua Tianyou, Liao Xinxue and Li Fengbai also exhibited paintings and sculptures.[95]

The International Exhibition of Modern Art organized by UNESCO was held at the Palais de Tokyo in November. Pan, along with Zhang Daqian, Xu Beihong, Hua Tianyou and others, participated in the exhibition,[96]which was covered by a reporter from Shen Bao who visited Pan in her studio in Paris where he found Pan’s name in Chinese characters carved on a plaque hung at her front door. Around her name, many visitors, mostly artists, signed their names,[97]a testament to her role as a popular and significant member of the Chinese artists community in Paris.

1947

Pan sculpted a bronze bust of her friend, Wang Shouyi, who became her close companion. According to Su Xuelin, Pan once commented that after the Second World War, selling sculpture earned more than paintings.[98]Her important sculptures include the busts of Maria Montessori,[99]Wang Shouyi,[100]Rene Grousset[101]and Zhang Daqian, as well as Coalminer commissioned by the shipping magnate Dong Haoyun.[102]

1948

In October, the Embassy of the Republic of China held an exhibition of four Chinese artists who lived in France: Pan, Sanyu, Zhao Wuji and Xiao Lingzhuo. This exhibition drew high praise from French critics.[103]

1950

Su Xuelin, Pan’s classmate from the Institut Franco-Chinois, arrived in Paris. The two friends, together with Fang Junbi, met at Pan’s studio after an absence of 20 years. The close friendship between Pan and Su would continue after Su settled in Taiwan and until Pan’s death.[104]

Due to political unrest, her family back in China suffered financially, but Pan managed to send money home.[105]

In 1950, 1951, 1952, 1955 and 1966, underwent several nasal operations,[106]afflicting her facial appearance.[107]

1952

Made 42 linocut prints of varying subjects, 40 of which she divided into two albums with 20 prints each. Each album had cloth covers on which the characters diaoban huaji (Collection of Carved Prints) were hand-embroidered. After her death, Wang Shouyi donated the two albums to the Cernuschi Museum in Paris.[108]

Pan had a special relationship with the Cernuschi Museum. In 1954, Pan created a bronze bust of the former director, René Grousset, which she donated to the museum. In 1958, Guo Youshou and Chou Lin donated Nude to the museum. In 1981, the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China donated to the museum her Seated Woman in a Red Robe.[109]To date, aside from the Anhui Museum, which inherited most of her works after her death, the Cernuschi Museum has the largest collection of works by Pan.

1953

From 23 May to 10 June, Pan held a solo exhibition at the Galerie d’Orsay. The 114 works shown included drawings, oil paintings and prints. The exhibition was organized by Les Éditions Euros owned by Chou Lin.[110]This is her first solo exhibition after return to Europe.

1955

In spring, through Fei Cheng-wu and Chang Chien-Ying, an artist couple who settled in London, sent works to be exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts. With their help, Pan participated in the RA exhibition in 1956, 1959 and 1961.[111]She also helped the couple participate in salon exhibitions in Paris.[112]

In June, Jean-Claude Bernard, a film director, went to Pan’s studio to make a short documentary[113]entitled Chez ceux du Montparnasse introducing the artists of Montparnasse. Pan and Tsuguharu Foujita were the only two Asian artists featured in this film.[114]

According to the artist Zhu Dequn, he saw Pan regularly at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière.[115]

Held an exhibition in Greece.[116]

1956

In the spring, due to her poor health,[117]Zanhua advised her to return home. According to Zanhua, however, her art was regarded as property of France, meaning she could not bring them home. Unwilling to give up her works, she remained in France.[118]

In May, Zhang Daqian visited France and met Pan. Zhang gave his works Emotions and Lotus to Pan as presents.[119]Upon seeing her ink and color painting of Cat, he inscribed the painting with a colophon praising Pan’s skills.[120]In the same year, Pan completed the bronze bust of Zhang Daqian, which later became collection of City of Paris Museum of Modern Art.[121]In 1961, when he visited France again, Zhang gave Pan two paintings, both entitled Bamboo[122]and inscribed her painting Peony.[123]

1957

Held a second solo exhibition at the Galerie d’Orsay from 22 May to 15 June entitled Pan Yu Lin : Œuvres Récentes.

1959

Pan Zanhua passed away in August. Pan did not learn of this until the following year.[124]

1963

Arrived in San Francisco in January to attend an exhibition of her works for which she received an award from the Chinese Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco.[125]

Traveled on to New York in April where the China Institute in America organized a solo exhibition entitled Chinese Artist Madame Yu-lin Pan of Paris for her at the China House. Vadim Elisseeff, director of the Cernuschi Museum, wrote the introduction for the exhibition catalogue.[126]Her only other exhibition in America would be four years later at the Wustum Museum of Fine Arts in Racine, Wisconsin, entitled Modern Chinese Brushwork.[127]

Returned to Paris in June.

1964

Official diplomatic relations established between the People’s Republic of China and France. Pan received invitation to attend the reception celebrating National Day at the Chinese embassy in France.[128]

1968

In the letter of 22 November, Pan wrote about her high blood pressure to Su Xuelin, who had immigrated to Taiwan.[129]Due to her poor health, Pan was not able to paint most of the time in the following years and looked forward to returning home to reunite with her family.[130]During this time, she maintained close contact with many of her compatriots.

1976

In the letter of September 17, she admitted to Pan Mou, “My body is so weak that I cannot go on a plane. When will I be able to enjoy the pleasures of home again?”[131]Maybe to comfort her family, she expressed relief that the French government gave her a good living subsidy in the same letter.

Interviewed by the Taiwan artist, Xi Song. At this time, Pan’s studio and living space was located in the art studio district of Monparnasse. At the time of the interview, Pan reminisced the glory of returning to China from Italy and expressed her desire to hold another such exhibition, now impossible due to her failing health.[132]This was most likely the Pan’s last interview before her death.

1977

After two years of planning,[134]the Cernuschi Museum held the exhibition Four Contemporary Chinese Artists: Pan Yu Lin, Lam Oi (Lin Ai), Ou Seu-tan (Wu Sidan) and Shing Wai (Cheng Hui) from 26 March to 30 April, in which Pan showed 43 works.[135]Prior to this, Pan was hospitalized for two months as a result of a stomach ailment, but due to urban renewal plans, she had to leave the hospital to move. Her new address was 194 rue d’Alésia in the 14th arrondissement.[133]

On 22 July, Pan passed away in Paris at the age of 82. Her deathbed wishes to her friend Wang Shouyi was to be buried wearing a qipao and to have all her works shipped home to Anhui.[136]Her paintings were eventually shipped back to Anhui in 1984 and most of them are now housed in the Anhui Museum in Hefei.[137]


董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》(合肥:安徽美術出版社,2013 年),頁 2–4。

《上海美術學校學籍簿》「潘世秀」頁,《學籍簿(西洋畫科第參冊)》,頁 8,上海檔案館縮微膠捲,檔號:Q250-1-123。〈上海美術學校錄取新生揭曉〉,《申報》第 1 版(1920 年 9 月 8 日)。

里昂市立圖書館網站「潘玉良」頁面,里昂市立圖書館提供。

郭有守:〈旅法女畫家潘玉良夫人〉,手稿副本,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 4。

蘇雪林:〈再談薄命畫家潘玉良〉,《中外雜誌》第 54 卷第 5 期(1993 年 11 月),頁 59–60。

林藹:〈充滿傳奇的苦命畫家——我為潘玉良不平〉,《中外雜誌》第 54 卷第 3 期(1993 年 9 月),頁 74–77。

董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 4。

《木山潘氏宗譜》「世壁」條。

潘贊化致潘玉良信,1956 年 6 月 30 日,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 6。

孫修福:《中國近代海關高級職員年表(1861–1948)》(北京:中國海關出版社,2004 年),頁 824。

潘忠丘:〈我的祖父潘贊化〉,《安慶晚報》A9版(2011年10月9日)

〈皖垣瑣聞〉,《申報》第 6 張(1914 年 11 月 5 日)。〈陸榮廷李烈鈞偕赴肇慶〉,《申報》第 6 張(1916 年 5 月 20 日)。〈禁烟聯合會開會紀〉,《申報》第 2 張(1916 年 12 月 18 日)。柏文蔚:〈五十年經歷〉,《近代史資料》總 40 號(1979 年),頁 45–46。〈旅滬皖人組織皖事改進會〉,《申報》第 3 張(1920 年 8 月20 日)。〈安徽旅滬各團體會議記〉,《申報》第 3 張(1920 年 10 月 25 日)。

潘贊化晚年寫了十首七絕,回憶自己和潘玉良多年的婚姻生活。其中第三首題為「京師習藝」:「生花妙筆寫文章,習藝京師大學堂。二道橋邊誇射手,仰空一箭串紅雙。」潘贊化還在信中寫道:「『京師習藝』。是妳我在北京住二道橋的故事,一箭貫穿雙紅心,蒙古大哥都驚異。」參見:潘贊化致潘玉良信,1954 年 4 月 28 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》(合肥:安徽美術出版社,2015 年),頁 22。

潘贊化致潘玉良信,1958 年 3 月 8 日,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 9。

該校創辦於 1912 年,最初名為「上海圖畫美術院」,之後多次更名:1914 年更名為「上海圖畫美術學院」,1918 年更名為「上海圖畫美術學校」,1920 年更名為「上海美術學校」,1921 年更名為「上海美術專門學校」,1930 年更名為「上海美術專科學校」。參見:熊月之:〈綜述〉,劉海粟美術館、上海市檔案館編:《不息的變動》(上海:中西書局、上海書畫出版社,2012 年),頁 13。

〈中大西畫教授潘玉良個展今開幕〉,《中央日報》第 2 張第 3 版( 1935 年 5 月 1 日)。洪野從 1917 年起在上海圖畫美術學院任教。參見:〈圖畫美術學院暨函授部招生〉,《申報》第 1 版( 1917 年 7 月 3 日)。

《上海美術學校學籍簿》「潘世秀」頁,《學籍簿(西洋畫科第參冊)》,頁 8,上海檔案館縮微膠捲,檔號:Q250-1-123。〈上海美術學校錄取新生揭曉〉,《申報》第 1 版(1920 年 9 月 8 日)。

董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 13。

〈美術學校國情與賑災之籌備〉,《申報》第 10 版(1920 年 10 月 7 日)。〈昨日紀念國慶之盛況〉,《申報》第 10 版(1920 年 10 月 11 日)。〈趣募災捐〉,《申報》第 14 版(1920 年 10 月 13 日)。

王震:《二十世紀上海美術年表》(上海:上海書畫出版社,2005 年),頁 104。

董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 16。

潘贊化致潘玉良信,1954 年 4 月 28 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 22。

〈歡送赴歐考察美術者之宴會〉,《申報》第 11 版(1921 年 3 月 22 日)。

《上海美術學校學籍簿》「潘世秀」頁,《學籍簿(西洋畫科第參冊)》,頁 8,上海檔案館縮微膠捲,檔號:Q250-1-123。

董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 19–20。

〈里昂海外大學又一消息〉,《申報》第 14 版(1921 年 8 月 5 日)。

陳三井:《勤工儉學的發展》(臺北:東大圖書公司,1988 年),頁 15–17。

李亮恭:〈稚暉先生與里昂中法學院的誕生〉,《吳稚暉先生紀念集》(臺北縣:文海出版社,1975 年),頁 23。

里昂市立圖書館網站「潘玉良」頁面,里昂市立圖書館提供。

蘇雪林:〈悼念一位純真藝術家——方君璧〉,原載《臺灣新聞報》1986 年 11 月 28 日,收錄於蘇雪林:《蘇雪林作品集.短篇文章卷第四冊》(臺南:財團法人蘇雪林教授學術文化基金會,2010 年),頁 20。

蘇雪林:〈七十年前女強人:潘玉良的悲劇〉,原載《中外雜誌》第 50 卷第 2 期(1991 年 8 月),收錄於蘇雪林:《蘇雪林作品集.短篇文章卷第二冊》(臺南:財團法人蘇雪林教授學術文化基金會,2011 年二刷),頁 213–214,217–224。

張曉筠:〈潘玉良兩度赴法年譜補遺(1921–1928 年,1937–1977 年)〉,安徽博物院、安徽省博物館學會編:《安徽文博(2013)》(合肥:黃山書社,2013 年),頁 13。蘇雪林:〈再談薄命畫家潘玉良〉,《中外雜誌》第 54 卷第 5 期(1993 年 11 月),頁 60。

根據次年的入學通知書,潘玉良是在西蒙推薦下進入巴黎國立高等美術學院,故推測她曾在西蒙的畫室學習。

Lucien Simon 網站「chronologie」頁面,Association Lucien Simon提供。

張曉筠:〈潘玉良兩度赴法年譜補遺(1921–1928 年,1937–1977 年)〉,安徽博物院、安徽省博物館學會編:《安徽文博(2013)》,頁 14–15。

張曉筠:〈潘玉良兩度赴法年譜補遺(1921–1928 年,1937–1977 年)〉,安徽博物院、安徽省博物館學會編:《安徽文博(2013)》,頁 14。

張曉筠:〈潘玉良兩度赴法年譜補遺(1921–1928 年,1937–1977 年)〉,安徽博物院、安徽省博物館學會編:《安徽文博(2013)》,頁 14–16。

〈潘夫人玉良女士傳略〉,《今虞》創刊號(1937 年 5 月),頁 329。俞采子:〈紀潘玉良回國紀念展覽會〉,《申報》第 19 版(1928 年 12 月 1 日)。

蘇雪林:〈七十年前女強人:潘玉良的悲劇〉,原載《中外雜誌》第 50 卷第 2 期(1991 年 8 月),收錄於蘇雪林:《蘇雪林作品集.短篇文章卷第二冊》,頁 216–217。

張曉筠:〈潘玉良兩度赴法年譜補遺(1921–1928 年,1937–1977 年)〉,安徽博物院、安徽省博物館學會編:《安徽文博(2013)》,頁 16。

〈農礦部職員發表〉,《申報》第 4 版(1928 年 3 月 27 日)。

蘇雪林:〈七十年前女強人:潘玉良的悲劇〉,原載《中外雜誌》第 50 卷第 2 期(1991 年 8 月),收錄於蘇雪林:《蘇雪林作品集.短篇文章卷第二冊》,頁 217。

〈十七年度第一學期教務處第一次各學系主任會議(1928 年 9 月 4 日下午三時)〉,《本校教務及教務處各種會議記錄》,上海檔案館,檔號:Q250-1-42,收錄於劉海粟美術館、上海市檔案館編:《美專風雲錄(上)》(上海:中西書局、上海書畫出版社,2013 年),頁 147–148。〈十七年度第一學期第一次聯席會議(1928 年 9 月 8 日下午三時)〉,《本校教務及教務處各種會議記錄》,上海檔案館,檔號:Q250-1-42,收錄於劉海粟美術館、上海市檔案館編:《美專風雲錄(上)》,頁 148–154。〈十七年度第一學期第二次聯席會議(1928 年 9 月 10 日下午三時)〉,《本校教務及教務處各種會議記錄》,上海檔案館,檔號:Q250-1-42,收錄於劉海粟美術館、上海市檔案館編:《美專風雲錄(上)》,頁 154–155。〈十七年度第一學期第三次聯席會議(1928 年 12 月 7 日下午三時)。〈十七年度第一學期第三次聯席會議(1928 年 12 月 7 日下午三時)〉,《本校教務及教務處各種會議記錄》,上海檔案館,檔號:Q250-1-42,收錄於劉海粟美術館、上海市檔案館編:《美專風雲錄(上)》,頁 155–158。

〈教授名錄〉,《上海美術專科學校二十週年紀念一覽》,頁 2,上海檔案館縮微膠捲,檔號:Q250-1-286-1。

〈上海美專舉辦暑期藝術教師進修講習會〉,《申報》第 4 張第 14 版(1934 年 5 月 29 日)。

謝海燕:〈我的藝術生涯——青年時代(續)〉,《藝苑》1994 年第 2 期(1994 年)。

《上海美術專科學校新制第十八屆畢業紀念冊》,頁 22、41、135、136。上海檔案館縮微膠捲,檔號:Q250-1-294。〈上海美術專科學校繪畫研究所雕塑系招生通告〉,《申報》第 2 張第 5 版(1936 年 1 月 28 日)。〈潘玉良任上海美專研究所主任〉,《申報》第 4 張第 15 版(1936 年 1 月 30 日)。

〈上海美專畢業考試委員會委員委員名單(1935 年–1937 年)〉,《一九三五年至一九三八年本校新制第十七、十八、十九、二十屆畢業生舉行畢業,報畢業名冊、成績與偽上海市教育局等單位來往文書》,上海檔案館,檔號:Q250-1-107,收錄於劉海粟美術館、上海市檔案館編:《恰同學年少(下)》(上海:中西書局、上海書畫出版社,2013 年),頁 345–346。

俞采子:〈紀潘玉良回國紀念展覽會〉,《申報》第 19 版(1928 年 12 月 1 日)。

何品:〈四明公所與寧波旅滬同鄉會——近代上海的寧波人同鄉組織及其檔案資料〉,上海三山會館網站

〈上海藝術大學通告〉,《申報》第 2 張第 5 版(1929 年 3 月 1 日)。〈上海藝術大學招男女生〉,《申報》第 2 張第 5 版(1929 年 8 月 25 日)。

潘玉良:〈我習粉筆畫的經過談〉,《婦女雜誌(上海)》第 15 卷第 7 號(1929 年 7 月),頁碼不詳。

李寓一:〈教育部全國美術展覽會參觀記(二)〉,《婦女雜誌(上海)》第 15 卷第 7 號(1929 年 7 月),頁碼不詳。

〈藝苑繪畫研究所近訊〉,《申報》第 11 版(1929 年 6 月 10 日)。

〈金啟靜赴日考察藝術教育〉,《申報》第 4 張第 16 版(1929 年 10 月 5 日)。〈女畫家潘玉良赴日展覽會〉,原載《中央日報》第 12 版(1929 年 10 月 31 日),收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 78–79。

該學系 1929 年改名為「藝術教育科」,1931 年改名為「藝術科」。參見:東南大學校史文化網「國立中央大學教育學院藝術專修科全體攝影(1929 年)」網頁,東南大學校史館提供。卓庵:〈國立中央大學藝術科概況〉,《中國美術會季刊》第 1 卷第 2 期(1936 年 6 月),頁 82。

〈國立中央大學職員登記表〉,中國第二歷史檔案館,檔案號 648-1139,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 64、75。〈國立中央大學各學院教職員暨各處職員登記表〉,中國第二歷史檔案館,檔案號 648-1148,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 97。〈教育學院藝術科體育科衛生教育科師資科教職員應聘書〉,中國第二歷史檔案館,檔案號 648-1478,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 101。〈二十三年度教職員概況表〉,中國第二歷史檔案館,檔案號 648-1146,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 111–112。〈國立中央大學教職員通訊錄〉,《中央大學二二級畢業紀念刊》(1934 年),頁 344。

〈教育學院教職員聘書及應聘書〉,中國第二歷史檔案館,檔案號 648-1461,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 91。

徐伯陽、金山合編:《徐悲鴻年譜》(臺北:藝術家出版社,1991 年),頁 75–76。

〈新華藝術專科學校添辦雕塑系續招新生〉,《申報》第 2 張第 6 版(1930 年 9 月 15 日)。

〈中華學藝社新所落成紀念美術展覽〉,《申報》第 2 張第 10 版(1932 年 7 月 31 日)。

徐鋒華:〈論中國留日學生與中華學藝社(1916–1958)〉,《中國史研究》第 98 輯(2015 年 10 月),頁 269–288。

尼特(倪貽德):〈編輯後記〉,《藝術旬刊》第 1 卷第 2 期(1932 年 9 月),頁 18。

王祺:〈中國美術會之前程〉,《中國美術會季刊》創刊號(1936 年 1 月),頁 14–16。

〈第二屆職員一覽表〉,《中國美術會季刊》創刊號(1936 年 1 月),頁 21–22。

〈潘玉良女士油畫題名「咪咪」〉,《新人週刊》第 1 卷第 6 期(1934 年),頁碼不詳。張道藩:〈中國美術會與現代中國美術——張道藩之演講〉,《申報》第 2 張第 8 版(1935 年 4 月 19 日)。〈中國美術會第三屆美術展覽會目錄〉,《中國美術會季刊》創刊號(1936 年 1 月),頁 43。〈中國美術會第四屆美術展覽會目錄〉,《中國美術會季刊》第 1 卷第 2 期(1936 年 6 月),頁 38。〈附錄第五屆美術展覽會出品目錄於後〉,《中國美術會季刊》第 1 卷第 4 期(1937 年 1 月),頁 61。

董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 120。

潘玉良:《潘玉良油畫集》(上海:中華書局,1936 年再版)。

徐仲年:〈參觀藝風畫展小記〉,《申報》第 5 張第 17 版(1934 年 6 月 7 日)。

〈中意文化協會將正式成立〉,《申報》第 4 張第 13 版(1935 年 4 月 3 日)。

〈潘玉良女畫師將漫遊全國寫生名山大川〉,《中央日報》第 2 張第 3 版(1935 年 10 月 18 日)。

〈孫科吳鐵城等今日為蔡孑民祝嘏〉,《申報》第 4 張第 13 版(1936 年 2 月 9 日)。

〈中華美術協會成立〉,《申報》第 4 張第 15 版(1936 年 3 月 16 日)。

〈默社第一屆繪畫展覽會〉,《申報》第 4 版(1936 年 6 月 18 日)。

《上海美術誌》第四編「美術機構與美術社團」之「默社」頁面,上海地方誌辦公室提供。

〈全國美術家發起組織中華全國美術會〉,原載《中央日報》第 8 版(1937 年 4 月 7 日),見董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 172–173。

〈潘玉良畫展巡禮〉,《中央日報》第 2 張第 3 版(1937 年 6 月 12 日)。張道藩:〈介紹潘玉良畫展〉,《中央日報》第 2 張第 3 版(1937 年 6 月 11 日)。常任俠:〈觀潘玉良教授西畫展〉,《中央日報》第 3 張第 4 版(1937 年 6 月 17 日)。

〈兩藝術團體主辦潘玉良畫展開幕〉,《中央日報》第 2 張第 3 版(1937 年 6 月 10 日)。〈潘玉良出國考察美術並參觀巴黎博覽會〉,《中央日報》第 2 張第 3 版(1937 年 7 月 27 日)。〈潘玉良畫展昨閉幕〉,《中央日報》第 2 張第 3 版(1937 年 6 月 14 日)。

〈中國留法藝術學會第六屆工作報告〉,安徽博物院藏,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 186。

Sanchez P., Dictionnaire du Salon des Tuileries (1923-1962) (Dijon: Editions l’Echelle de Jacob, 2007), p. 10, 580.

《中國留法藝術學會會議記錄》,安徽博物院藏,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 193。

潘玉良致潘贊化信,1941 年 3 月 19 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 20。潘贊化致潘玉良信,1941 年 12 月 5 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 21。

《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 74。

Centre national des arts plastiques網站「collection en ligne」之「Nu」頁面,Centre national des arts plastiques提供。

Centre national des arts plastiques網站「collection en ligne」之「Nu」頁面,Centre national des arts plastiques提供。

Centre national des arts plastiques網站「collection en ligne」之「Maria Montessori」頁面,Centre national des arts plastiques提供。

董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 204。

55e Exposition Société des Artistes Indépendants catalogue 1944 (Paris: Société des Artistes Indépendants, 1944), p. 109.

〈1944 年中國留法藝術學會同學錄〉,《中國留法藝術學會會議記錄》,安徽博物院藏,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 88。

《中國留法藝術學會會議記錄》,安徽博物院藏,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 211。

《中國留法藝術學會會議記錄》,安徽博物院藏,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 207–208。

〈第五十八次大會(改選大會)〉,《中國留法藝術學會會議記錄》,安徽博物院藏,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 92。

《中國留法藝術學會會議記錄》,安徽博物院藏,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 213–214。

《中國留法藝術學會會議記錄》,安徽博物院藏,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 215–216。

往仁:〈中國藝展在巴黎〉,《申報》第 3 張第 9 版(1946 年 10 月 16 日)。

王一之:〈為祖國增光〉,《申報》第 3 張第 9 版(1946 年 12 月 17 日)。

往仁:〈世界藝術中心踏入女教授潘玉良畫室〉,《申報》第 3 張第 9 版(1946 年 12 月 18 日)。

蘇雪林:〈七十年前女強人:潘玉良的悲劇〉,原載《中外雜誌》第 50 卷第 2 期(1991 年 8 月),收錄於蘇雪林:《蘇雪林作品集.短篇文章卷第二冊》,頁 219–220。

Centre national des arts plastiques網站「collection en ligne」之「Maria Montessori」頁面,Centre national des arts plastiques 提供。

潘玉良:《王守義(雕塑)》,收錄於《潘玉良全集 7.綜合卷》(合肥:安徽美術出版社,2015 年),頁 125。

Collection des peintures et calligraphies chinoises contemporaines (Paris: Musée Cernuschi, 1985), p. 43.

董浩雲著,鄭會欣編註:《董浩雲日記 1948–1982(上冊)》(香港:中文大學出版社,2004 年),頁 277。

吾:〈文化界小新聞〉,《申報》第 1 張第 4 版(1948 年 10 月 22 日)。

蘇雪林:〈七十年前女強人:潘玉良的悲劇〉,原載《中外雜誌》第 50 卷第 2 期(1991 年 8 月),收錄於蘇雪林:《蘇雪林作品集.短篇文章卷第二冊》,頁 219-224。

蘇雪林:〈七十年前女強人:潘玉良的悲劇〉,原載《中外雜誌》第 50 卷第 2 期(1991 年 8 月),收錄於蘇雪林:《蘇雪林作品集.短篇文章卷第二冊》,頁 220。潘牟致潘玉良信,1950 年 10 月 29 日,收錄於董松:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 235。

潘牟致潘玉良信,1950 年 9 月 15 日,董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 235。潘贊化致潘玉良信,1951 年 5 月 10 日,董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 236。潘牟致潘玉良信,1952 年 6 月 10 日,董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 238。潘玉良致費成武、張蒨英信,1955 年 6 月 11 日,David 及 Nong Priestley 收藏。張蒨英、費成武致潘玉良信,1967 年 1 月 9 日,《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 31。

蘇雪林:〈再談薄命畫家潘玉良〉,《中外雜誌》第 54 卷第 5 期,頁 59。

衣淑凡:〈潘玉良的版畫〉,《潘玉良版畫全集》(臺北:財團法人立青文教基金會,2017 年),頁 34–35。

Collection des peintures et calligraphies chinoises contemporaines, p. 43.

Pan Yu Lin 展覽海報,1953 年,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 63。衣淑凡:〈潘玉良的版畫〉,《潘玉良版畫全集》,頁 31。

潘玉良致費成武、張蒨英信,1954 年 10 月 4 日、1955 年 6 月 29 日、1955 年 8 月 11 日、1956 年 1 月 28 日、1956 年 2 月 12 日、1956 年 3 月 8 日、1956 年 4 月 10 日、1956 年 5 月 16 日、1958 年 3 月 24 日、1960 年 9 月 15 日、1961 年 4 月 30 日,David 及 Nong Priestley 收藏。The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts 1955 (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1955), p. 51 & 125. The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts 1956 (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1956), p. 56 & 119. The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts 1959 (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1959). p. 54 & 130. The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts 1961 (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1961), p. 59 & 117. Salon de la Nationale (Paris: Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, 1954), p. 19 & 22.

潘玉良致費成武、張蒨英信,5 月 13 日(年份不詳),David 及 Nong Priestley 收藏。

潘玉良致費成武、張蒨英信,1955 年 6 月 12 日,David 及 Nong Priestley 收藏。

尚.克勞德.伯納導演:《那些在蒙帕拿斯的人們》,1957 年發行,35 毫米彩色片,36 分鐘,Forum des images 藏。

朱德群:〈我的繪畫歷程〉,《文藝研究》2000 年第 5 期(2000 年 5 月),頁 103。

潘贊化致潘玉良信,1955 年 10 月 3 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 23。

潘玉良致費成武、張蒨英信,1956 年 4 月 10 日,David 及Nong Priestley 收藏。

潘贊化致潘玉良信,1956 年 4 月 20 日、1956 年 10 月 30 日,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 248。

張大千:《百感圖》,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 37。《墨荷圖》,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 38。

潘玉良:《豢貓》,收錄於《潘玉良全集 4.彩墨卷》(合肥:安徽美術出版社,2015 年),頁 109。

Quatre artistes chinoises contemporaines : Pan Yu-lin, Lam Oi, Ou Seu-Tan, Shing Wai (Paris: Musée Cernuschi, 1977).

張大千:《墨竹圖》、《墨竹圖》,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 39。

潘玉良:《芍藥》,收錄於《潘玉良全集 4.彩墨卷》,頁 120。

董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 259、260。

〈舊金山中華總商會獎狀〉,安徽博物院藏,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 66。

Chinese Artist Madame Yu-lin Pan of Paris 展覽目錄,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 67。

Modern Chinese Brushwork (New York: The School of Chinese Brushwork Inc., 1967),收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 78。

曉辰:〈往事如煙憶畫魂〉,《歐洲時報》(2006 年 10 月 20 日)。

潘玉良致蘇雪林信,1968 年 11 月 22 日,收錄於國立成功大學中國文學系主編:《逝水浮雲曾照影——名家與蘇雪林書信集》(臺南:國立成功大學中國文學系,2007 年),頁 399–400。

潘玉良致蘇雪林信,1970 年 5 月 20 日,收錄於國立成功大學中國文學系主編:《逝水浮雲曾照影——名家與蘇雪林書信集》,頁 401。潘玉良致潘牟尼、彭德秀明信片,1973 年 8 月 24 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 24。潘玉良致潘牟尼、彭德秀信,1976 年 3 月 1 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 24。潘玉良致潘牟尼、彭德秀信,1976 年 8 月 15 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 25。

潘玉良致潘牟尼信,1976 年 9 月 17 日,潘玉良致潘牟尼、彭德秀信,1976 年 8 月 15 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 26。

奚淞:〈客死巴黎的中國女畫家——潘玉良〉,《雄獅美術》第 85 期(1978 年 3 月),頁 42–46。

潘玉良致潘牟尼、彭德秀信,1977 年 5 月 13 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 28。

林藹致潘玉良信,1975 年 8 月 26 日,收錄於《潘玉良全集 8.文獻卷》,頁 32。林藹致潘玉良信,1975 年 11 月 14 日、1976 年 1 月 12 日、1976 年 5 月 27 日、1976 年 12 月 16 日、1977 年 1 月 13 日,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 296–301。成慧致潘玉良、黃先生信,1975 年 11 月 26 日、1975 年 12 月 1 日,收錄於董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 297。

Quatre artistes chinoises contemporaines : Pan Yu-lin, Lam Oi, Ou Seu-tan, Shing Wai (Paris: Musée Cernuschi, 1977).

董松編著:《潘玉良藝術年譜》,頁 309。

鄧朝源:〈回憶「畫魂」歸來路〉,《安徽省博物館建館五十週年文集》(合肥:安徽人民出版社,2006 年),頁 32–40。